Whisk flour, baking soda, baking powder, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and salt in a large bowl until the spices are evenly distributed. Set aside.
Beat softened butter and packed dark brown sugar on medium speed for 3 minutes until smooth and slightly fluffy.
Add the molasses, egg, and vanilla extract. Beat on medium speed for 30 to 40 seconds until combined. The mixture may look slightly curdled — this is normal.
Add the flour mixture in two additions, mixing on low speed until the dough pulls away from the sides of the bowl and looks uniform — no dry streaks, no wet patches.
Divide the dough into two equal discs, wrap each tightly in cling film, and refrigerate for at least 2 hours (overnight preferred).
Preheat oven to 175°C / 350°F (160°C fan). Line baking sheets with parchment.
Working with one disc at a time (keep the other refrigerated), roll between two sheets of parchment to 5mm / ¼ inch for soft cookies or 3mm / ⅛ inch for crispier ones. Cut shapes with cookie cutters and transfer to the lined baking sheets using a thin spatula.
Bake one sheet at a time on the centre rack. For soft cookies: 8 to 9 minutes, edges set, centres slightly underdone. For crispier cookies: 10 to 11 minutes, surface dry to the centre.
Cool on the baking sheet for 5 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack. Cool completely — at least 30 minutes — before decorating.